As a sustainable alternative to fossil fuel-based manufacture of bulk oxygenates, electrochemical synthesis using CO and H2O as raw materials at ambient conditions offers immense appeal. However, the upscaling of the electrosynthesis of oxygenates encounters kinetic bottlenecks arising from the competing hydrogen evolution reaction with the selective production of ethylene. Herein, a catalytic relay system that can perform in tandem CO capture, activation, intermediate transfer and enrichment on a Cu-Ag composite catalyst is used for attaining high yield CO-to-oxygenates electrosynthesis at high current densities. The composite catalyst Cu/30Ag (molar ratio of Cu to Ag is 7:3) enables high efficiency CO-to-oxygenates conversion, attaining a maximum partial current density for oxygenates of 800 mA cm-2 at an applied current density of 1200 mA cm-2, and with 67 % selectivity. The ability to finely control the production of ethylene and oxygenates highlights the principle of efficient catalyst design based on the relay mechanism.
This review explores the potential of using different types of ash, namely fly ash, biomass ash, and coal ash etc., as mediums for CO2 capture and sequestration. The diverse origins of these ash types-municipal waste, organic biomass, and coal combustion-impart unique physicochemical properties that influence their suitability and efficiency in CO2 absorption. This review first discusses the environmental and economic implications of using ash wastes, emphasizing the reduction in landfill usage and the transformation of waste into value-added products. Then the chemical/physical treatments of ash wastes and their inherent capabilities in binding or reacting with CO2 are introduced, along with current methodologies utilize these ashes for CO2 sequestration, including mineral carbonation and direct air capture techniques. The application of using ash wastes for CO2 capture are highlighted, followed by the discussion regarding challenges associated with ash-based CO2 absorption approach. Finally, the article projects into the future, proposing innovative approaches and technological advancements needed to enhance the efficacy of ash in combating the increasing CO2 levels. By providing a comprehensive analysis of current strategies and envisioning future prospects, this review aims to contribute to the field of sustainable CO2 absorption and environmental management.
Polyethylene (PE), a highly prevalent non-biodegradable polymer in the field of plastics, presents a waste management issue. To alleviate this issue, bio-based PE (bio-PE), derived from renewable resources like corn and sugarcane, offers an environmentally friendly alternative. This review discusses various production methods of bio-PE, including fermentation, gasification, and catalytic conversion of biomass. Interestingly, the bio-PE production volumes and market are expanding due to the growing environmental concerns and regulatory pressures. Additionally, the production of PE and bio-PE biocomposites using agricultural waste as filler materials, highlights the growing demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. According to previous studies, addition of ≈50% defibrillated corn and abaca fibers into bio-PE matrix and a compatibilizer, results in the highest Young's modulus of 4.61 and 5.81 GPa, respectively. These biocomposites have potential applications in automotive, building construction, and furniture industries. Moreover, the advancement made in abiotic and biotic degradation of PE and PE biocomposites is elucidated to address their environmental impacts. Finally, the paper concludes with insights into the opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives in the sustainable production and utilization of PE and bio-PE biocomposites. In summary, production of PE and bio-PE biocomposites can contribute to a cleaner and sustainable future.
Purpose: Previous research has consistently shown that self-perception of aging (SPA) is an important predictor of health and longevity, while Chinese rural elderly patients with hypertension had poorer SPA. Whether it was associated with their mortality kept unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term mortality and analyze the association between SPA and this mortality in the specific context of rural elderly patients with hypertension. Patients and Methods: This study is a longitudinal investigation of the mortality in elderly patients with hypertension in rural Suzhou, China. Sociodemographic and clinical data, SPA, and six-year mortality were investigated. We used binary logistic regression and subgroup analyses to assess the effect of SPA at baseline on six-year mortality. Results: A total of 280 hypertensive patients aged 60 years and older participated in the study, of whom 21 died, with a six-year mortality rate of 7.5%. After controlling for covariates, the "Emotional representation" dimension (OR=2.824, 95% CI:1.034-7.712) in SPA remained a risk factor for death. In subgroup analyses of the group aged 75 years and older, high scores on the "Timeline cyclical" (OR=14.125, 95% CI: 1.258-158.593) and "Emotional representations" (OR=2.567, 95% CI:1.066-6.182) dimensions were associated with a higher risk of death, while weekly nut intake may have mitigated the negative SPA effect on mortality. Conclusion: Poorer self-perception of aging was associated with a high risk of mortality in rural elderly patients with hypertension, while the habit of weekly nut intake might help reduce this risk in the group aged 75 years or older.
Hypertension , Nuts , Aged , Humans , Middle Aged , Hypertension/psychology , Aging/psychology , China/epidemiology , Self Concept
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been used in a variety of applications ranging from optoelectronics to biodiagnostic fields, primarily due to their size dependent fluorescent nature. CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) are generally synthesized via a hot injection method in an organic solvent. However, such NCs are insoluble in water and therefore preclude the direct usage toward biological systems. Thus, the preparation of more biocompatible water-soluble QDs with a high photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) is extremely important for imaging applications. Although previous literature has detailed on the synthesis of CdSe NCs in water, they suffer from poor size distribution and very low PLQY. The complex formation mechanism of CdSe NCs in an aqueous environment adversely affects the quality of NCs due to the presence of OH-, H+, and H2O moieties. Here in this article, we have presented the facile hydrothermal approach to obtain size tunable (2.9-5.1 nm), aqueous CdSe NCs with a narrow emission profile having â¼40 nm fwhm with 56% PLQY. Physicochemical properties of the synthesized water-soluble CdSe NCs were studied with the help of UV-vis, PL, XRD, FTIR, XPS, and HR-TEM analysis. Furthermore, the surface of the synthesized CdSe NCs was modified with d-glucosamine via EDC and NHS coupling to obtain a stable, biocompatible bioimaging probe. Furthermore, we demonstrated that their successful bioconjugation with glucosamine could facilitate effective internalization into the cellular matrix.
Presently, the rapid depletion of resources and drastic climate change highlight the importance of sustainable development. In this case, nanochitin derived from chitin, the second most abundant renewable polymer in the world, possesses numerous advantages, including toughness, easy processability and biodegradability. Furthermore, it exhibits better dispersibility in various solvents and higher reactivity than chitin owing to its increased surface area to volume ratio. Additionally, it is the only natural polysaccharide that contains nitrogen. Therefore, it is valuable to further develop this innovative technology. This review summarizes the recent developments in nanochitin and specifically identifies sustainable strategies for its preparation. Additionally, the different biomass sources that can be exploited for the extraction of nanochitin are highlighted. More importantly, the life cycle assessment of nanochitin preparation is discussed, followed by its applications in advanced manufacturing and perspectives on the valorization of chitin waste.
The presence of toxic organic pollutants in aquatic environments poses significant threats to human health and global ecosystems. Photocatalysis that enables in situ production and activation of H2 O2 presents a promising approach for pollutant removal; however, the processes of H2 O2 production and activation potentially compete for active sites and charge carriers on the photocatalyst surface, leading to limited catalytic performance. Herein, a hierarchical 2D/2D heterojunction nanosphere composed of ultrathin BiOBr and BiOI nanosheets (BiOBr/BiOI) is developed by a one-pot microwave-assisted synthesis to achieve in situ H2 O2 production and activation for efficient photocatalytic wastewater treatment. Various experimental and characterization results reveal that the BiOBr/BiOI heterojunction facilitates efficient electron transfer from BiOBr to BiOI, enabling the one-step two-electron O2 reduction for H2 O2 production. Moreover, the ultrathin BiOI provides abundant active sites for H2 O2 adsorption, promoting in situ H2 O2 activation for â¢O2 - generation. As a result, the BiOBr/BiOI hybrid exhibits excellent activity for pollutant degradation with an apparent rate constant of 0.141 min-1 , which is 3.8 and 47.3 times that of pristine BiOBr and BiOI, respectively. This work expands the range of the materials suitable for in situ H2 O2 production and activation, paving the way toward sustainable environmental remediation using solar energy.
Atomically-thin monolayer WS2 is a promising channel material for next-generation Moore's nanoelectronics owing to its high theoretical room temperature electron mobility and immunity to short channel effect. The high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield of the monolayer WS2 also makes it highly promising for future high-performance optoelectronics. However, the difficulty in strictly growing monolayer WS2, due to its non-self-limiting growth mechanism, may hinder its industrial development because of the uncontrollable growth kinetics in attaining the high uniformity in thickness and property on the wafer-scale. In this study, we report a scalable process to achieve a 4 inch wafer-scale fully-covered strictly monolayer WS2 by applying the in situ self-limited thinning of multilayer WS2 formed by sulfurization of WOx films. Through a pulsed supply of sulfur precursor vapor under a continuous H2 flow, the self-limited thinning process can effectively trim down the overgrown multilayer WS2 to the monolayer limit without damaging the remaining bottom WS2 monolayer. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the self-limited thinning arises from the thermodynamic instability of the WS2 top layers as opposed to a stable bottom monolayer WS2 on sapphire above a vacuum sublimation temperature of WS2. The self-limited thinning approach overcomes the intrinsic limitation of conventional vapor-based growth methods in preventing the 2nd layer WS2 domain nucleation/growth. It also offers additional advantages, such as scalability, simplicity, and possibility for batch processing, thus opening up a new avenue to develop a manufacturing-viable growth technology for the preparation of a strictly-monolayer WS2 on the wafer-scale.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for accurate, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic methods to identify and track the disease. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as PCR and serological assays, have limitations in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and timeliness. To investigate the potential of using protein-peptide hybrid microarray (PPHM) technology to track the dynamic changes of antibodies in the serum of COVID-19 patients and evaluate the prognosis of patients over time. A discovery cohort of 20 patients with COVID-19 was assembled, and PPHM technology was used to track the dynamic changes of antibodies in the serum of these patients. The results were analyzed to classify the patients into different disease severity groups, and to predict the disease progression and prognosis of the patients. PPHM technology was found to be highly effective in detecting the dynamic changes of antibodies in the serum of COVID-19 patients. Four polypeptide antibodies were found to be particularly useful for reflecting the actual status of the patient's recovery process and for accurately predicting the disease progression and prognosis of the patients. The findings of this study emphasize the multi-dimensional space of peptides to analyze the high-volume signals in the serum samples of COVID-19 patients and monitor the prognosis of patients over time. PPHM technology has the potential to be a powerful tool for tracking the dynamic changes of antibodies in the serum of COVID-19 patients and for improving the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.
BACKGROUND: Curdione is a sesquiterpene isolated from Curcumae Rhizoma that possesses high biological activity and extensive pharmacological effects. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Curcumae Rhizoma can inhibit the development of many types of cancer, especially colorectal cancer. However, the anti-colorectal mechanism of its monomer curdione remains unclear. METHODS: Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells were treated with curdione at doses of 12.5 µM, 25 µM, and 50 µM, and then the cells' activity was measured with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT). Nude mice were administered different doses of curdione subcutaneously and oxaliplatin by tail vein injection, and then hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was adopted to examine tumor histology. Moreover, flow cytometry was applied to detect reactive oxygen species in cells and tissues. Kits were employed to detect the levels of iron ions, malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxide, and glutathione. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting were adopted to detect ferroptosis and m6A modification-related factors. A methylation spot hybridization assay was performed to measure changes in overall methylation. SLC7A11 and HOXA13 were measured by MeRIP-qPCR. The shRNA-METTL14 plasmid was constructed to verify the inhibitory effect of curdione on CRC. RESULTS: A dose-dependent decrease in activity was observed in curdione-treated cells. Curdione increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in CRC cells and tumor tissues, greatly enhanced the levels of malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxide and Fe2+, and lowered the activity of glutathione. According to the qPCR and Western blot results, curdione promoted the expression of METTL14 and YTHDF2 in CRC cells and tissues, respectively, and decreased the expression of SLC7A11, SLC3A2, HOXA13, and glutathione peroxidase 4. Additionally, in animal experiments, the curdione-treated group showed severe necrosis of tumor cells, as displayed by HE staining. Furthermore, compared with the control group, levels of m6A modifying factors (namely, SLC7A11 and HOXA13) were increased in the tissues after drug intervention. METTL14 knockdown was followed by an increase in CRC cell activity and glutathione levels. However, the levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and iron ions decreased. The expression levels of SLC7A11, SLC3A2, HOXA13, and GPX4 were all increased after METTL14 knockdown. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that curdione induces ferroptosis in CRC by virtue of m6A methylation.
Platinum-based metal catalysts are considered excellent converters in various catalytic reactions, particularly in fuel cell applications. The atomic structure at the nanocrystal surface and the metal interface both influence the catalytic performance, controlling the efficiency of the electrochemical reactions. Here we report the synthesis of Ag/Pt and Ag/Pd core/shell nanocrystals and insight into the formation mechanism of these bimetallic core/shell nanocrystals when undergoing oxygen plasma treatment. We carefully designed the oxidation treatment that determines the structural and compositional evolution. The accelerated oxidation-triggered diffusion of Ag toward the outer metal shell leads to the Kirkendall effect. After prolonged oxygen plasma treatment, most core/shell nanocrystals evolve into hollow spheres. At the same time, a minor fraction of the metal remains unchanged with a well-protected Ag core and a monocrystalline Pt or Pd shell. We hypothesize that the O2 plasma disturbs the Pt or Pd shell surface and introduces active O species that react with the diffused Ag from the inside out. Based on EDX elemental mapping, combined with several electron microscopic techniques, we deduced the formation mechanism of the hollow structures to be as follows: (I) the oxidation of Ag within the Pt or Pd lattice causes a disrupted crystal lattice of Pt or Pd; (II) nanochannels arise at the defect locations on the Pt or Pd shell; (III) the remaining Ag atoms pass through these nanochannels and leave a hollow crystal behind. Our findings deepen the understanding of interface dynamics of bimetallic nanostructured catalysts under an oxidative environment and unveil an alternative approach for catalyst pretreatment.
Piezo-assisted photocatalysis (namely, piezo-photocatalysis), which utilizes mechanical energy to modulate spatial and energy distribution of photogenerated charge carriers, presents a promising strategy for molecule activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation toward applications such as environmental remediation. However, similarly to photocatalysis, piezo-photocatalysis also suffers from inferior charge separation and utilization efficiency. Herein, a Z-scheme heterojunction composed of single Ag atoms-anchored polymeric carbon nitride (Ag-PCN) and SnO2- x is developed for efficient charge carrier transfer/separation both within the catalyst and between the catalyst and surface oxygen molecules (O2 ). As revealed by charge dynamics analysis and theoretical simulations, the synergy between the single Ag atoms and the Z-scheme heterojunction initiates a cascade electron transfer from SnO2- x to Ag-PCN and then to O2 adsorbed on Ag. With ultrasound irradiation, the polarization field generated within the piezoelectric hybrid further accelerates charge transfer and regulates the O2 activation pathway. As a result, the Ag-PCN/SnO2- x catalyst efficiently activates O2 into ·O2 - , ·OH, and H2 O2 under co-excitation of visible light and ultrasound, which are consequently utilized to trigger aerobic degradation of refractory antibiotic pollutants. This work provides a promising strategy to maneuver charge transfer dynamics for efficient piezo-photocatalysis by integrating single-atom catalysts (SACs) with Z-scheme heterojunction.
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are utilized to regulate temperature and store thermal energy in various industries such as infrastructure, electronics, solar power, and more. However, they face several limitations, such as leakage, poor thermal properties, incompatibility, as well as high flammability. Polyethylene (PE) is one of many polymers explored to enhance the desirable properties of PCMs, due to their versatile properties such as high strength, durability, chemical resistance, and low cost. The combination of PCMs and PE can be used to create composite materials, through micro/nano- encapsulation, melt-blending, formation of composites and with proper additives. They create enhanced thermal energy storage properties and in the meantime, benefited from the mechanical properties of the PE. This review provides a concise summary of the recent developments regarding PE-enhanced PCMs and provides insights into possible topics for further investigation. We summarised enhancement methods based on commonly adopted types of PEs, such as encapsulation, melt-blending, hot pressing, extrusion, and 3D printing. We then elaborate on how these PE-PCM composites are effectively utilised for heat management applications and the potential future directions in energy-saving buildings, electronic devices, and energy storage systems.
Text summarization is an information compression technology to extract important information from long text, which has become a challenging research direction in the field of natural language processing. At present, the text summary model based on deep learning has shown good results, but how to more effectively model the relationship between words, more accurately extract feature information and eliminate redundant information is still a problem of concern. This paper proposes a graph neural network model GA-GNN based on gated attention, which effectively improves the accuracy and readability of text summarization. First, the words are encoded using a concatenated sentence encoder to generate a deeper vector containing local and global semantic information. Secondly, the ability to extract key information features is improved by using gated attention units to eliminate local irrelevant information. Finally, the loss function is optimized from the three aspects of contrastive learning, confidence calculation of important sentences, and graph feature extraction to improve the robustness of the model. Experimental validation was conducted on a CNN/Daily Mail dataset and MR dataset, and the results showed that the model in this paper outperformed existing methods.
Immunogenicity can be evaluated by detecting antibodies (Abs) induced by an antigen. Presently deployed assays, however, do not consider the negative impacts of Ab poly-specificity, which is well established at the monoclonal antibody level. Here, we studied antibody poly-specificity at the serum level (i.e. nonspecific Ab-probe interactions, NSIs), and ended up establishing a new platform for viral peptide immunogenicity evaluation. We first selected three peptides of high, medium and low immunogenicity, using a 'vaccine serum response rate'-based approach (i.e. the gold standard). These three peptides (Pi) in the bovine serum albumin-Pi form were used to immunize chickens, resulting in longitudinal serum samples for screening with a non-cognate peptide library. The signal intensity of Ab-peptide specific binding and 'NSI count' was used to evaluate the viral peptides' immunogenicity. Only the NSI count agreed with the gold standard. The NSI count also provides more informative data on antibody production than the aggregated signal intensity by whole-protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Antibody Specificity , Immunoglobulins , Peptides , Viral Proteins , Peptide Library , Immunoglobulins/blood , Animals , Chickens , Newcastle disease virus/immunology , Peptides/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Antibody Formation , Viral Proteins/immunology
Melanin is a natural pigment with a high content and a complex polymer structure. In this study, both water-soluble and water-insoluble melanin were obtained from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Inonotus hispidus, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet (UV) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (Py-GCMS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS/MS) were used to analyze the water-soluble and water-insoluble I. hispidus fungal melanin (IHFM). Differences in the chemical composition and structure of I. hispidus fungal melanin (IHFM) were found. Studies showed that both have a maximum absorbance at 226 nm, and the maximum mass-to-charge ratios are [M + H] + m/z = 272.2434 and 272.0308, respectively. Elemental analysis revealed that they both contain C, H, N, O, and do not contain sulfur, which is only found in eumelanin. The differences between water-soluble and water-insoluble IHFM may relate to the following factors: (i) the microscopic particles of water-soluble IHFM are relatively small, the arrangement is relatively neat, and they contain a large quantity of benzene, phenol, and indole compounds; and (ii) the microscopic particles of water-insoluble IHFM are larger and the arrangement is irregular. The types and quantities of benzene, phenol, and indole compounds are relatively small, rich in a variety of sugar monomers, and may be insoluble in water due to the presence of a greater number of aliphatic groups. Studies have found that water-soluble IHFM has good cellular antioxidant activity, can reduce oxidative damage by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on LO2 cells effectively and can significantly reduce the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to protect the liver. These results are beneficial in order to develop applications of melanin in the food industry and in other fields.
We previously found that cordycepin inhibits the growth and metastasis formation of MDA-MB-231 cells through the Hedgehog pathway but has not validated this in vivo. In this study, we confirmed cordycepin's anti-triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) effect in nude mice and documented its mechanism. We found that cordycepin reduced the volume and weight of MDA-MB-231 xenografts and affected the expression of proliferation-, apoptosis-, epithelial-mesenchymal transition-, and matrix metalloproteinase-related proteins without side effects. RNA sequencing screening, pathway enrichment, and the protein network interaction analysis revealed enriched pathways and targets mainly concentrated on the Hedgehog pathway and its core components of SHH and GLI2. This indicates that the Hedgehog pathway plays a central role in the cordycepin-mediated regulation of growth and metastasis formation in TNBC. The database analysis of the Hedgehog pathway markers (SHH, PTCH1, SMO, GLI1, and GLI2) revealed that the Hedgehog pathway is activated in breast cancer tissues, and its high expression is not conducive to a patient's survival. Finally, we verified that cordycepin effectively inhibited the Hedgehog pathway in TNBC through Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. This study found that cordycepin could regulate the growth and metastasis formation of TNBC through the Hedgehog pathway in vivo, which provides new insights for targeting and treating breast cancer.
Hedgehog Proteins , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Deoxyadenosines , Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism , Heterografts , Humans , Mice , Mice, Nude , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Zinc Finger Protein GLI1/genetics
Online interactions have become major channels for people to obtain and disseminate information during the new normal of COVID-19, which can also be a primary platform for rumor propagation. There are many complex psychological reasons for spreading rumors, but previous studies have not fully analyzed this problem from the perspective of the interaction between official institutions and influential users. The purpose of this study is to determine optimal strategies for official institutions considering the impact of two different influential user types (trolls and reputed personalities) by designing two game-theoretic models, namely "Rumor Clarification and Interaction Model" and "Rumor Verification and Interaction Model," which can, respectively decide whether to clarify and when to clarify. The results of this article show that clarification strategies can be decided according to the characteristics of rumors and the influential user's reactions. Meanwhile, publishing verified information prevents trolls' "loophole advantages" and prevents reputed personalities from spreading false information due to the vague authenticity of rumors. Results also show that the verification strategy is limited by cost, period, and verification index.
Antibody-antigen (Ab-Ag) interactions are canonically described by a model that exclusively accommodates noninteraction (0) or reproducible interaction (RI) states, yet this model is inadequate to explain often-encountered nonreproducible signals. Here, by monitoring diverse experimental systems using a peptide-protein hybrid microarray, we observed that Ab-probe interactions comprise a substantial proportion of nonreproducible antibody-based results. This enabled our discovery and capacity to reliably identify nonreproducible Ab-probe interactions (NRIs), as well as our development of a powerful explanatory model ("0-NRI-RI-Hook four-state model") that is mAb concentration-dependent, regardless of specificity, which ultimately shows that both nonspecific interactions and NRIs are not predictable yet certain to happen. Our discoveries challenge the centrality of Ab-Ag interaction specificity data in serology and immunology.
Antibodies , Antigens , Antibody Specificity , Peptides
The oriented attachment (OA) of 0D semiconductor nanocrystals into 1D and 2D nanostructures with unique properties is useful for the fabrication of quantum confined nanomaterials that are otherwise difficult to produce by direct synthesis. Given that the OA of 1D nanocrystals such as nanorods generally produces linear chains, rod-couple structures, or clustered columns, linking them in a facet-specific manner to produce 2D structures is challenging. Here, we report that 1D Cu2-xS nanorods undergo etching on exposure to hexylphosphonic acid under mild heating, which results in an increased curvature and a reduction in surface ligands at those sites. This causes the nanorods to fuse via their basal tip facets into chains and then cojoin through diametrically opposed side facets, resulting in atomically coupled, 2D raftlike structures. The stepwise OA of 1D nanocrystals into 2D nanostructures illustrated here expands the range of nanoarchitectures that can be produced via solution-processed methods.
